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"[50], A report by the Singapore Bar Association stated, "The blows are applied with the full force of the jailer's arm. [71][188] Film historian Thomas Elsaesser argues that Caligari's murderous rampage through Cesare can be seen as a rebellious, anti-authoritarian streak in response to such experiences as these, even in spite of his own authoritarianism. [106] Other elements of the film convey the same visual motifs as the sets, including the costumes and make-up design for Caligari and Cesare, both of which are highly exaggerated and grotesque. After he is secured to the trestle in a bent-over position at an angle of close to 90° at the hip, protective padding is tied around his lower back to protect the vulnerable kidney and lower spine area from any strokes that might land off-target. Although sentences of between three and six strokes are much more common, they usually receive less or no coverage by the media. Caning is used as a form of legal corporal punishment in government homes, remand homes, and other homes for children and youth. She later became the basis for the Jane character. [106], Critics have suggested that Caligari highlights some of the neuroses prevalent in Germany and the Weimar Republic when the film was made,[184][203] particularly in the shadow of World War I,[204] at a time when extremism was rampant, reactionaries still controlled German institutions, and citizens feared the harm the Treaty of Versailles would have on the economy. [115] Jane and Cesare are patients as well; Jane believes she is a queen, while Cesare is not a somnambulist but awake, quiet, and not visibly dangerous. [160], Judicial caning is meant to serve as a humiliating experience for offenders and as a strong deterrent to crime. Some critics have interpreted Caligari as representing the German war government, with Cesare symbolic of the common man conditioned, like soldiers, to kill. [63] This was also disputed in a 1926 article by Barnet Braverman in Billboard magazine, which claimed the script included no mention of an unconventional visual style, and that Janowitz and Mayer in fact strongly opposed the stylization. [130] Barlow said it was often the subject of critical disapproval, which he believes is because early film reviewers attempted to assign fixed definitions to the young art of cinema, and thus had trouble accepting the bizarre and unusual elements of Caligari. [54], Decla producer Rudolf Meinert introduced Hermann Warm to Wiene and provided Warm with the Caligari script, asking him to come up with proposals for the design. [183] Barlow rejects Kracauer's claims that the film glorifies authority "just because it has not made a preachy statement against it", and said the connection between Caligari and Hitler lies in the mood the film conveys, not an endorsement of such tyrant on the film's part. [...] The wounds were so deep with blood, flesh and layers of the skin exposed. [202] For example, flashback scenes when Francis reads Caligari's diary, in which the doctor is shown growing obsessed with learning hypnotic powers, take place as Caligari is sleeping peacefully in the present. [30], The story of Caligari is told abstractly, like a fairy tale, and includes little description about or attention toward the psychological motivations of the characters, which is more heavily emphasized in the film's visual style. Rotafel wanted the score to match the dark mood of the film, saying: "The music had, as it were, to be made eligible for citizenship in a nightmare country". The offender is tied to the trestle in a bent-over position with his feet together. Writers and scholars have argued the film reflects a subconscious need in German society for a tyrant, and is an example of Germany's obedience to authority and unwillingness to rebel against deranged authority. [70] He is far more abusive in the scene as it was filmed, and is perched atop an exaggeratedly high bench that towers over Caligari. A Superintendent of Prisons may impose corporal punishment not exceeding 12 strokes of the cane for aggravated prison offences. [41], Permanent scars remain even after the wounds have healed.[57]. [140][141][142][143][144], In 2004, Ng Lee Huat, the principal of Nan Chiau High School, controversially stepped down after admitting to hitting a 14-year-old female student with a soft-cover book.[145]. That night, the clerk is found stabbed to death in his bed. [185] Most of the film's characters are caricatures who fit neatly into prescribed social roles, such as the outraged citizens chasing a public enemy, the authoritarian police who are deferential to their superiors, the oft-harassed bureaucratic town clerk, and the asylum attendants who act like stereotypical "little men in white suits". Authors who have published a lot of stories on the Nifty Archive Children and Young Persons (Remand Home) Regulations section 21(3). The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari was written by Hans Janowitz and Carl Mayer, both of whom were pacifists by the time they met following World War I. Qwek Kee Chong, a Singaporean convicted of four counts of armed robbery in 1987 and sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment and 48 strokes of the cane in total (12 strokes for each count). Singapore Armed Forces Act section 125(5). He appealed against his sentence and was released on bail of S$20,000. Children and Young Persons Act section 5. [173] Eisner's book, meanwhile, placed Caligari into historical context by identifying how it influenced Expressionist features in other films of the 1920s. Michael Fay, who received four strokes, said in an interview, "The skin did rip open, there was some blood. Francis explains she is his "fiancée" and that they have suffered a great ordeal. Men sentenced to death whose sentences have not been commuted. [44] A contrast between levels of reality exists not only in the characterizations, but in the presentation of some of the scenes as well. He will know what to expect no matter how many strokes he gets – it's more of the same. How? "[164] Sylvia Lim, a Member of Parliament from the Workers' Party, also said in 2007, "What are the purposes of jail, fine and caning? When the rattan hits the bare buttocks, the skin disintegrates, leaving a white line and then a flow of blood. Singapore Armed Forces Act section 125(6). [118] It was given a live theatrical prologue and epilogue,[68][119] which was not unusual for film premieres at major theatres at the time. However, Singapore is not signatory to the Convention. [65] The dominance of Hollywood at the time, coupled with a period of inflation and currency devaluation, forced German film studios to seek projects that could be made inexpensively, with a combination of realistic and artistic elements so the films would be accessible to American audiences, yet also distinctive from Hollywood films. The conclusion to the frame story is missing from the script. [208] However, both Janowitz and Pommer ran into complications related to the invalidity of Nazi law in the United States, and uncertainty over the legal rights of sound and silent films. [128][169][170] Noir films tended to portray everyone, even the innocent, as the object of suspicion, a common thread in Caligari. [202] This, Barlow writes, "reveals a contrast between external calm and internal chaos". [4], Many details about the making of The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari are in dispute and will probably remain unsettled due to the large number of people involved in the making of the film, many of whom have recalled it differently or dramatized their own contributions to its production. Caning is also a mandatory punishment for certain offences such as rape, drug trafficking, illegal moneylending,[15] and for foreigners who overstay by more than 90 days – a measure designed to deter illegal immigrants. [39][46] The punishment is administered on his bare buttocks[47] to minimise the risk of any injury to bones and organs. Here, Eisner claims, the militarist and imperialist tendency of monopoly capitalism is combined with what Sigmund Freud would later refer to as the longing for protection by a tyrannical father figure, or what Kracauer characterized as "asocial authority". ", "Public Prosecutor v Selvaraju s/o Satippan", "Selvaraju s/o Satippan v Public Prosecutor", "3 extra strokes for prisoner: Govt regrets error", "Caning error: Ex-inmate accepts mediated settlement", "Dickson Tan in trouble with the law – again", "Man stabbed party-goer in eye with tongs during bar fight; jailed nine months", "Judge tells soldier who took rifle out of camp: 'My heart hurts for you, "Cenotaph vandal gets 3 months' jail and 3 strokes", "Ex-YOG cyclist gets jail, cane for drug offences", "Company director becomes first person to get caning for fraudulently obtaining work passes", "57 years jail and 12 strokes for raping relative", "Judicial Caning in Singapore, Malaysia and Brunei #Some Differences Between Singapore and Malaysia", "Commit a serious offence in prison? [52][159] Among the few films to fully embrace the Expressionist style were Genuine (1920) and Raskolnikow (1923), both directed by Wiene, as well as From Morn to Midnight (1920), Torgus (1921), Das Haus zum Mond (1921), Haus ohne Tür und ohne Fenster (1921) and Waxworks. [35][51][52][53] According to Janowitz, Wiene's father, a successful theatre actor, had "gone slightly mad when he could no longer appear on the stage", and Janowitz believed that experience helped Wiene bring an "intimate understanding" to the source material of Caligari. [19] Janowitz also believed he had witnessed a murder in 1913 near an amusement park on Hamburg's Reeperbahn, beside the Holstenwall, which served as another inspiration for the script. A solemn and formal ceremony, school caning is typically carried out in a manner similar to the canings administered in England before school corporal punishment was banned there in 1998. [159] They also listed stubbornness, refusal to listen and dangerous or harmful acts as reasons for caning their children. Instead, he says Meinert was the film's true producer, and that it was he who gave Warm the manuscript. As Francis sits on a bench with an older man who complains that spirits have driven him away from his family and home, a dazed woman named Jane passes them. [109] A former SBH resident, who received 10 strokes for absconding when he was 18, said that his buttocks took two weeks to heal sufficiently before he could sit down properly. Then when the zigzag motifs of the fairground start turning, the pace leaps forward, agitato, accelerando, and leaves off only at the word 'End', as abruptly as a slap in the face. [26] Several American reviewers compared it to an Edgar Allan Poe story,[134] including in a 1921 review in Variety magazine, which praised the direction and "perfect tempo" of the film, as well as the sets that "squeeze and turn and adjust the eye, and through the eye the mentality". [32] Through film director Fritz Lang, Janowitz and Mayer met with Erich Pommer, head of production at the Decla-Bioscop film studio, on 19 April 1919, to discuss selling the script. He will not change. But if you cane him, and he knows he will be given six of the best on his buttocks, and it will hurt for one week that he can't sit down comfortably, he will think again. [128] Nevertheless, the film remained popular in the United States. [88] Certain elements from the original script had to be cut from the film due to the limited space, including a procession of gypsies, a handcart pushed by Caligari, Jane's carriage, and a chase scene involving horse-cabs. [76] Vincent LoBrutto said of the acting in the film:[83]. Children and Young Persons (Remand Home) Regulations section 21(1–2). [69] Warm worked primarily on the sets, while Röhrig handled the painting and Reimann was responsible for the costumes. On 1 March 1991, he sued the government for damages and costs for "grievous injuries to (his) buttocks". [4] Janowitz said it was only years after the film was released that he realized exposing the "authoritative power of an inhuman state" was the "subconscious intention" of the writers. [4][5][19][21][22] Holstenwall later became the name of the town setting in Caligari. Gopal Baratham, a Singaporean neurosurgeon and opponent of the practice, in his book The Caning of Michael Fay: The Inside Story by a Singaporean, criticised the American tabloid press for false claims, such as that canings are public events (in fact they always take place privately inside the prison): Two lashers took turns to wield the bamboo cane. Caning is not imposed on first-time offenders who use delible substances (e.g. For instance, Caligari wears mostly black, but white streaks are present in his hair and on his gloves. [19], In some cases, male employees can be sentenced to caning for offences committed by the company they work for. [143] Robinson argues this led to the rise of a large number of film designers – such as Hans Dreier, Rochus Gliese, Albin Grau, Otto Hunte, Alfred Junge, Erich Kettelhut and Paul Leni – and that effect was felt abroad as many of these talents later emigrated from Germany with the rise of the National Socialist German Workers Party. [48][41], During the caning, if the medical officer certifies that the offender is not in a fit state of health to undergo the rest of the punishment, the caning must be stopped. His parents or guardian may be invited to the school to witness the punishment being meted out. The butt of jokes", "Singapore Panorama: Short Film Programme 1", "Mediacorp apologises for controversial paedophile character in Channel 8 drama My Guardian Angels", A clip of a staged reconstruction of a caning from a Singapore government video "Prison Me No Way", British Military Administration (1945–1946), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caning_in_Singapore&oldid=1017375741, All Wikipedia articles written in Singapore English, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. [133], While Robinson said the response from American critics was largely positive and enthusiastic,[134] Kaes said American critics and audiences were divided: some praised its artistic value and others, particularly those distrustful of Germany following World War I, wished to ban it altogether. [15] In October 1958, Caligari was ranked as the twelfth-best film of all time during a poll organized at the Brussels World's Fair. [173] Educators, when interviewed, say that they are cognisant of Singapore's changing landscape, both in terms of the family structure as well as the influence of social media, in the reduction of corporal punishment in schools. [167] Human Rights Watch similarly referred to the practice of caning as "an inherently cruel punishment". He argues the story itself is not Expressionistic, and the film could have easily been produced in a traditional style, but that Expressionist-inspired visuals were applied to it as decoration. If he is certified fit, he proceeds to receive his punishment; if he is certified unfit, he is sent back to the court for the sentence to be remitted or converted to additional time in prison. Despite their apparent normalcy, however, Francis and the other characters never appear disturbed by the madness around them reflected in the sets; they instead react as if they are parts of a normal background. [143][144] American film historian Lewis Jacobs said "its stylized rendition, brooding quality, lack of explanation, and distorted settings were new to the film world". A smaller cane or other implement is often used by some parents to punish their children at home. Education (Schools) Regulations section 88. [200] Additionally, the character is actually a double of the "real" Caligari, an 18th-century mystic whom the film character becomes so obsessed with that he desires to penetrate his innermost secrets and "become Caligari". The possibility of caning as a corrective action is often explicitly stated in schools' student handbooks or on their websites. At night, Francis spies on Caligari and observes what appears to be Cesare sleeping in his box. Canings are also administered in Drug Rehabilitation Centres. However, both agreed it was more commercially successful in major cities than in theatres in smaller communities, where tastes were considered more conservative. [220] The British composer and musician Geoff Smith composed a new soundtrack for the film in 2003. This prediction proved true, as Langer died unexpectedly in 1920 at the age of 23, and Janowitz said it inspired the scene in which Cesare predicts Alan's death at the fair. [84][88] Decla had been making films at the Lixie studio since October 1919, having previously released three titles, The Plague of Florence (Die Pest in Florenz) (1919) and the two parts of The Spiders (Die Spinnen). [73], Janowitz originally intended the part of Cesare to go to his friend, actor Ernst Deutsch. Vandalism was originally prohibited by the Minor Offences Act, which made it punishable by a fine of up to S$50 or a week in jail, but did not permit caning. He has protective padding secured around his lower back to protect the kidney and lower spine area from strokes that land off-target. [69] He believes this is in part because Wiene died in 1938, closer to the release of the film than any other major collaborators, and was therefore unable to defend his involvement in the work while others took credit. Boys aged between 6 and 19 may be given up to three strokes with a light rattan cane on the buttocks over clothing and protection or the palm of the hand as a punishment for serious misconduct, often as a last resort. They include the following: Any male convict, whether sentenced to caning or not, may also be caned in prison if he commits certain offences while serving time in prison. For example, Caligari and the fairground workers' costumes resemble the Biedermeier era, while Jane's embody Romanticism. The offender is tied to a wooden frame in a bent-over position with his feet together. The limit was previously six strokes before MOE reduced it to three strokes in 2017. "[172], As Singapore evolves, some citizens may perceive that schools are refraining from using corporal punishment due to their fears of a strong backlash from parents. [186][187] Kracauer writes: "Caligari exposes the soul wavering between tyranny and chaos, and facing a desperate situation: any escape from tyranny seems to throw it into a state of utter confusion". [140][160], While few other purely Expressionistic films were made, Caligari still had a major influence over other German directors,[161] and many of the film's Expressionist elements – particularly the use of setting, light and shadow to represent the dark psychology of its characters – became prevalent in German cinema. [76] Other minor roles are Expressionistic in nature, like two policemen who sit facing each other at their desks and move with exaggerated symmetry, and two servants who awaken and rise from their beds in perfect synchronization. Caning is a form of corporal punishment that is practised in Singapore. Singapore Armed Forces (2006). He was sentenced on 6 December 2017 to 11 months' imprisonment and three strokes of the cane. [55] Warm believed "films must be drawings brought to life",[56] and felt a naturalistic set was wrong for the subject of the film, instead recommending a fantastic, graphic style,[24][55] in which the images would be visionary, nightmarish and out of the ordinary. Two Germans, Andreas Von Knorre and Elton Hinz, were each sentenced on 5 March 2015 to nine months' imprisonment and three strokes of the cane for breaking into a train depot in November 2014 and vandalising a train cabin by spraypainting it. [51][83][92][99] Strange designs and figures are painted on the walls of corridors and rooms, and trees outside have twisted branches that sometimes resemble tentacles. [168] LoBrutto wrote, "Few films throughout motion picture history have had more influence on the avant-garde, art, and student cinema than Caligari". Budd says this suggests a "dream logic of repetition" that throws further confusion on which perspective is reality. [43], The offender is not told in advance when he will be caned; he is notified only on the day his sentence is to be carried out. His case made headlines in the United Kingdom after the, Gregersen Tommy, a Norwegian, was convicted of molesting a drunk woman outside a nightclub at. [33], The prison officers who administer caning are carefully selected and specially trained for the job.

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